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Jōkyō uprising
The , or the Kasuke uprising, was a large-scale peasant uprising that happened in 1686 (in the third year of the Jōkyō era during the Edo period) in Azumidaira, Japan.〔TANAKA Kaoru, ''Jōkyō Gimin Ikki no Jitsuzō'' (The Real Image of the Jōkyō Gimin Uprising), Shinmai Shoseki Shuppan Center, 2002 ISBN 4-88411-005-6, p.9〕 Azumidaira at that time, was a part of the Matsumoto Domain under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate. The domain was ruled by the Mizuno clan at the time.〔NAKAJIMA Hiroaki,''Tampō "Azumino"'' (Investigating Azumino), Matsumoto, Kyōdo Shuppan-sha, 1997 ISBN 4-87663-113-1, p.76〕
Numerous incidents of peasant uprising have been recorded in the Edo period, and in many cases the leaders of the uprisings were executed afterward.〔''Nihonshi Kenkyū'' (Japanese History Study), Yamakawa Shuppan-sha, 2008, p.288〕 Those executed leaders have been admired as ''Gimin'', non-religious martyrs, with the most famous ''Gimin'' being the possibly fictitious Sakura Sōgorō. But the Jōkyō Uprising was unique in that not only the leaders of the uprising (former or incumbent village heads, who did not personally suffer from the heavy taxes), but also a sixteen-year-old girl (subject of the book ''Oshyun'' by Ohtsubo Kazuko) who had helped her father, "the deputy ringleader", were caught and executed. On top of that, the leaders of the uprising clearly recognized what was at stake. They realized that the real issue was human rights abuse.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Welcome to the Joukyou Gimin Memorial Museum )〕 Because the newly raised tax level was equivalent to a 70% tax rate; an impossible rate. Amazingly though, the Mizunos compiled ''Shimpu-tōki'', an official record of the Matsumoto Domain about forty years after the uprising.〔(Preface to Shimpu-tōki )〕 This ''Shimpu-tōki'' is the major and credible source of information concerning the uprising.〔TANAKA, ''Jōkyō Gimin Ikki'', p.30〕
== Background ==
For several years there had been crop failure caused by severe winters. Azumidaira farmers had suffered from this and many people had starved to death. Poverty was rampant. Under the circumstances some households had to sell their daughters to brothels, and others had to kill newborn babies. Some village heads like Tada Kasuke and Oana Zembei tried to relieve the farmers' suffering by giving away rice from their own storehouses. But their acts of righteousness were met with a harsh reprimand from officials in Matsumoto. Tada Kasuke was fired as the headman of Nakagaya village, and Oana Zembei was fired as the headman of Niré village.〔TANAKA, ''Jōkyō Gimin Ikki'', p.88〕 Then in the fall of 1686, the domain government raised taxes to an exorbitant level. (The domain lord who was away from home at the time was obviously not informed of the tax rise.) The reason for this tax rise was that the domain government needed more money. The domain lord of Matsumoto was a ''fudai daimyo'', who was obligated to perform many duties, and therefore had to spend a lot of money. The domain lords of neighboring Takatō and Takashima were not under such pressure to perform such duties, even though they used to be a part of the Matsumoto Domain. They collected lower taxes from their people. When Azumidaira farmers were notified of the tax rise, the atmosphere among tax collectors and peasants became tense, for their neighbors didn't have to pay the same amount of taxes.
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